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'{{short description|French explorer of North America (1567–1635)}} {{other uses|Champlain (disambiguation)}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}} Nigger {{Infobox person | name = Samuel de Champlain | image = Samchamprifle.jpg | caption = Detail from "Défaite des Iroquois au Lac de Champlain," Champlain ''Voyages'' (1613). This [[self-portrait]] is the only surviving contemporary likeness of the explorer.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 3</ref> | birth_name = Samuel Champlain<!-- Champlain never wrote the "de" ("of") in front of his family name before the end of 1610, at his marriage, year of the murder of his King, Henry IV of France --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1567|8|13|df=y}}<ref name="birth"/><!--<ref group=Nte name="birth2"/>--><!-- See also [[Talk:Samuel Champlain#His baptismal record]] --> | birth_place = [[Hiers-Brouage|Brouage]] or [[La Rochelle]], France | death_date = {{death date and age|1635|12|25|1567|8|13|df=y}} | death_place = [[Quebec City]], [[Canada (New France)|New France]] (now [[Quebec]], [[Canada]]) | other_names = "The Father of New France" | occupation = [[Navigator]], [[cartographer]], [[soldier]], [[explorer]], administrator and [[chronicler]] of [[New France]] | spouse = {{marriage|Hélène Boullé|27 December 1610}} | signature = Samuel de Champlain (signature).svg | signature_alt = Typical signature of Samuel de Champlain }} '''Samuel de Champlain''' ({{IPA-fr|samɥɛl də ʃɑ̃plɛ̃|lang}}; {{c.|born 13 August 1567}}<ref name="birth">[[#Fichier Origine|Fichier Origine]]</ref><ref group=Note name="birth2">For a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see [[#Ritch|Ritch]]</ref><ref group=Note>The baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date nor his place of birth.</ref> – 25 December 1635) was a French explorer, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/canadian-history-biographies/samuel-de-champlain |title=Samuel de Champlain |publisher=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2018-01-30 |archive-date=2020-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426180707/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/canadian-history-biographies/samuel-de-champlain |url-status=live }}</ref> and founded [[Quebec City]], and [[New France]], on 3 July 1608. An important figure in [[history of Canada|Canadian history]], Champlain created the first accurate coastal map during his explorations and founded various colonial settlements. Born into a family of sailors, Champlain began exploring North America in 1603, under the guidance of his uncle, [[François Gravé Du Pont]].<ref name="Davignon">[[#Davignon|d'Avignon (2008)]]</ref><ref>[[#Vaugeois2008|Vaugeois (2008)]]</ref> After 1603, Champlain's life and career consolidated into the path he would follow for the rest of his life.<ref name=Ritch>{{cite book |editor1-last=Heidenreich |editor1-first=Conrad E. |editor2-last=Ritch |editor2-first=K. Janet |title=Samuel de Champlain before 1604: Des Sauvages and Other Documents Related to the Period |date=2010 |publisher=The Publications of the Champlain Society |page=16 |doi=10.3138/9781442620339 |isbn=978-0-7735-3756-9 }}</ref> From 1604 to 1607, he participated in the exploration and creation of the first permanent European settlement north of Florida, [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]], [[Acadia]] (1605). In 1608, he established the French settlement that is now Quebec City.<ref group="Note">Thanks to [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons|Pierre Dugua de Mons]], who fully financed—at a loss—the first years of both French settlements in North America (first Acadia, then Quebec).</ref> Champlain was the first European to describe the [[Great Lakes]], and published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives and the [[Métis people (Canada)|French living among the Natives]]. He formed long time relationships with local Montagnais and [[Innu]], and, later, with others farther west—tribes of the [[Ottawa River]], [[Lake Nipissing]], and [[Georgian Bay]], and with [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] and [[Wyandot people|Wendat]]. He agreed to provide assistance in the [[Beaver Wars]] against the [[Iroquois]]. He learned and mastered their languages. Late in the year of 1615, Champlain returned to the Wendat and stayed with them over the winter, which permitted him to make the first ethnographic observations of this important nation, the events of which form the bulk of his book ''Voyages et Découvertes faites en la Nouvelle France, depuis l'année 1615'' published in 1619.<ref name="Ritch" /> In 1620, [[Louis XIII of France]] ordered Champlain to cease exploration, return to Quebec, and devote himself to the administration of the country.<ref group="Note">According to [[#Trudel|Trudel (1979)]], Louis was 18 years old, an inexperienced minor (when age of majority was 25), and Champlain was lieutenant to [[Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé|the Prince de Condé]], the viceroy of New France since 1612, who, as Trudel writes, "was liberated [from jail, where he been for 3 years] in October 1619, and yielded his rights as viceroy to [[Henri II de Montmorency]], admiral of France. The latter confirmed Champlain in his office [...]. On 7 May 1620, Louis XIII wrote to Champlain to enjoin him to maintain the country 'in obedience to me, making the people who are there live as closely in conformity with the laws of my kingdom as you can.' From that moment Champlain was to devote himself exclusively to the administration of the country; he was to undertake no further great voyages of discovery; his career as an explorer had ended."</ref> In every way but formal title, Samuel de Champlain served as [[Governor of New France]], a title that may have been formally unavailable to him owing to his non-noble status.<ref group="Note" name="honorifics">Some say that the King of France made him his "''royal'' geographer", but it is unproven and may only come from [[Marc Lescarbot]] books: Champlain never used that title. The honorific "''de''" was only added to his name from 1610, when he was already well-known, right after his patron, King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], was murdered. This usage by a non-noble was tolerated so that he would continue to gain access to the court during the long regency of [[Louis XIII of France|King Louis XIII]] (who was only eight years old at the death of his father). Champlain received the official title of "lieutenant" (adjunct representative) of whichever noble was designated as Viceroy of New France, the first being [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons]]. In 1629, Champlain was named "commandant" under the authority of the King Minister, [[Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]]. It was Champlain's successor, [[Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny]], who was the first to be formally named as the governor of New France, when he moved to Quebec City in 1636 and became the first noble to live there in that century.</ref> Champlain established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the [[St. Lawrence River]] valley until his death in 1635. Many places, streets, and structures in northeastern North America today bear his name, most notably [[Lake Champlain]]. == Early life == [[File:Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg|thumb|right|Inauthentic depiction of Champlain, by [[Théophile Hamel]] (1870), after the one by Ducornet, based on a portrait of [[Michel Particelli d'Emery]] by Balthasar Moncornet. No authentic portrait of Champlain is known to exist.<ref>[[#Bishop1948|Bishop (1948)]], pp 6–7</ref>]] Champlain was born to Antoine Champlain (also written "Anthoine Chappelain" in some records) and Marguerite Le Roy, in either [[Hiers-Brouage]], or the port city of [[La Rochelle]], in the French province of [[Aunis]]. He was born on or before 13 August 1574, according to a recent baptism record<!--if the record of a 1574 [[baptism]] is "recent", it is surely bogus; should this read "recently found"?--> found by Jean-Marie Germe, French genealogist.<ref name="birth" /><ref group=Note name="birth2" /><ref name=Germe>[[#Germe|Germe]], p. 2</ref> Although in 1870, the Canadian Catholic priest Laverdière, in the first chapter of his ''Œuvres de Champlain'', accepted Pierre-Damien Rainguet's<ref>[[#Rainguet1851|Rainguet (1851)]]</ref> estimate of Champlain's birth in 1567 and tried to justify it, his calculations were based on assumptions now believed or proven, to be incorrect. Although Léopold Delayant (member, secretary, then president of ''l'Académie des belles-lettres, sciences et arts de La Rochelle'') wrote as early as 1867 that Rainguet's estimate was wrong, the books of Rainguet and Laverdière have had a significant influence. The 1567 date was carved on numerous [[monuments]] dedicated to Champlain and is widely regarded as accurate. In the first half of the 20th century, some authors disagreed, choosing 1570 or 1575 instead of 1567. In 1978 Jean Liebel published groundbreaking research about these estimates of Champlain's birth year and concluded, "Samuel Champlain was born about 1580 in Brouage, France."<ref>[[#Liebel1978|Liebel (1978)]], p. 236</ref> Liebel asserts that some authors, including the Catholic priests Rainguet and Laverdière, preferred years when Brouage was under Catholic control (which include 1567, 1570, and 1575).<ref>[[#Liebel1978|Liebel (1978)]], pp. 229–237.</ref> Champlain claimed to be from Brouage in the title of his 1603 book and to be ''Saintongeois'' in the title of his second book (1613). He belonged to a [[Roman Catholic]] family in Brouage which was most of the time a Catholic city, Brouage was a royal fortress and its governor, from 1627 until his death in 1635, was [[Cardinal Richelieu]]. The exact location of his birth is thus also not known with certainty, but at the time of his birth his parents were living in [[Hiers-Brouage|Brouage]].<ref group=Note>His family lived in Brouage at the time of his birth; the exact place and date of his birth are unknown.[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain Britannica.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414232618/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain |date=2009-04-14 }}</ref> [[File:ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sir Sandford Fleming Park]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]] – Stone from Samuel de Champlain's birthplace in [[Brouage]], France (1574)]] Born into a family of mariners (both his father and uncle-in-law were sailors, or navigators), Samuel Champlain learned to navigate, draw, make [[nautical chart]]s, and write practical reports. His education did not include [[Ancient Greek]] or [[Latin]], so he did not read or learn from any ancient literature. As each French fleet had to assure its own defense at sea, Champlain sought to learn to fight with the firearms of his time: he acquired this practical knowledge when serving with the army of [[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV]] during the later stages of [[French Wars of Religion|France's religious wars]] in [[Brittany]] from 1594 or 1595 to 1598, beginning as a quartermaster responsible for the feeding and care of horses. During this time he claimed to go on a "certain secret voyage" for the king,<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 62</ref> and saw combat (including maybe the [[Siege of Fort Crozon]], at the end of 1594).<ref name=F65>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 65 Note: Fischer cites numerous other authorities in repeating this.</ref> By 1597 he was a "capitaine d'une compagnie" serving in a garrison near [[Quimper, Finistère|Quimper]].<ref name="F65" /> ==Early travels== [[File:SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG|thumb|Champlain and guide<ref>[[#Weber1967|Weber (1967)]]</ref> in [[Isle La Motte, Vermont]], at the site Champlain is said to have first set foot in [[Vermont]] (and encamped) in 1609. [[Lake Champlain]] is in the background. <small>(Sculptor E.L.Weber, 1967; Photo by Matt Wills, 2009)</small>]] In year 3, his uncle-in-law, a navigator whose ship ''Saint-Julien'' was to transport Spanish troops to [[Cádiz]] pursuant to the [[Treaty of Vervins]], gave Champlain the opportunity to accompany him. After a difficult passage, he spent some time in Cádiz before his uncle, whose ship was then chartered to accompany a large Spanish fleet to the [[West Indies]], again offered him a place on the ship. His uncle, who gave command of the ship to Jeronimo de Valaebrera, instructed the young Champlain to watch over the ship.<ref>[[#Litalien|Litalien (2004)]], p. 87</ref> This journey lasted two years and gave Champlain the opportunity to see or hear about Spanish holdings from the Caribbean to [[Mexico City]]. Along the way, he took detailed notes, wrote an illustrated report on what he learned on this trip, and gave this secret report to King Henry,<ref group=Note>Three different handwritten copies of this report still exist. One of them is at the [[John Carter Brown Library]] at [[Brown University]].</ref> who rewarded Champlain with an annual pension. This report was published for the first time in 1870, by Laverdière, as ''Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Samuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite'' (and in English as ''Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602''). The authenticity of this account as a work written by Champlain has frequently been questioned, due to inaccuracies and discrepancies with other sources on a number of points; however, recent scholarship indicates that the work probably was authored by Champlain.<ref group=Note>For a detailed treatment of claims against Champlain's authorship, see the chapter by François-Marc Gagnon in [[#Litalien|Litalien (2004)]], pp. 84ff. [[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 586ff also addresses these claims and accepts Champlain's authorship.</ref> On Champlain's return to Cádiz in August 1600, his uncle Guillermo Elena (Guillaume Allene),<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Heidenreich |editor1-first=Conrad E. |editor2-last=Ritch |editor2-first=K. Janet |title=Samuel de Champlain before 1604: Des Sauvages and Other Documents Related to the Period |date=2010 |publisher=The Publications of the Champlain Society |page=14 |doi=10.3138/9781442620339 |isbn=978-0-7735-3756-9 }}</ref> who had fallen ill, asked him to look after his business affairs. This Champlain did, and when his uncle died in June 1601, Champlain inherited his substantial estate. It included an estate near [[La Rochelle]], commercial properties in Spain, and a 150-ton merchant ship.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 98–99</ref> This inheritance, combined with the king's annual pension, gave the young explorer a great deal of independence, as he did not need to rely on the financial backing of merchants and other investors.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 100</ref> From 1601 to 1603 Champlain served as a geographer in the court of King Henry IV. As part of his duties, he traveled to French ports and learned much about North America from the fishermen that seasonally traveled to coastal areas from [[Nantucket]] to [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] to capitalize on the rich fishing grounds there. He also made a study of previous French failures at colonization in the area, including that of [[Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit|Pierre de Chauvin]] at [[Tadoussac]].<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 100–117</ref> When Chauvin forfeited his monopoly on the fur trade in North America in 1602, responsibility for renewing the trade was given to [[Aymar de Chaste]]. Champlain approached de Chaste about a position on the first voyage, which he received with the king's assent.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 121–123</ref> Champlain's first trip to North America was as an observer on a fur-trading expedition led by [[François Gravé Du Pont]]. Du Pont was a navigator and merchant who had been a ship's captain on Chauvin's expedition, and with whom Champlain established a firm lifelong friendship. He educated Champlain about navigation in North America, including the [[Saint Lawrence River]], and in dealing with the natives there (and in [[Acadia]] after).<ref name="Davignon"/> The ''Bonne-Renommée'' (the ''Good Fame'') arrived at Tadoussac on March 15, 1603. Champlain was anxious to see for himself all of the places that [[Jacques Cartier]] had seen and described sixty years earlier, and wanted to go even further than Cartier, if possible. Champlain created a map of the Saint Lawrence on this trip and, after his return to France on 20 September, published an account as ''Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603'' ("Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain of Brouages, made in New France in the year 1603").<ref group=Note>Champlain did not begin using the honorific ''de'' in his name until at least 1610 when he married, the year King Henry was murdered. A reprint of this book in 1612 was credited to "Sieur ''de'' Champlain, [http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/expos/champlain/oeuv_eng.html civilization.ca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311143335/http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/expos/champlain/oeuv_eng.html |date=2007-03-11 }}</ref> Included in his account were meetings with [[Begourat]], chief of the [[Innu people|Montagnais]] at Tadoussac, in which positive relationships were established between the French and the many Montagnais gathered there, with some [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]] friends. Promising to King Henry to report on further discoveries, Champlain joined a second expedition to New France in the spring of 1604. This trip, once again an exploratory journey without women and children, lasted several years, and focused on areas south of the St. Lawrence River, in what later became known as [[Acadia]]. It was led by [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons|Pierre Dugua de Mons]], a noble and Protestant merchant who had been given a fur trading monopoly in New France by the king. Dugua asked Champlain to find a site for winter settlement. After exploring possible sites in the [[Bay of Fundy]], Champlain selected [[Saint Croix Island, New Brunswick|Saint Croix Island]] in the [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|St. Croix River]] as the site of the expedition's first winter settlement. After enduring a harsh winter on the island the settlement was relocated across the bay where they established [[Habitation at Port-Royal|Port Royal]]. Until 1607, Champlain used that site as his base, while he explored the Atlantic coast. Dugua was forced to leave the settlement for France in September 1605, because he learned that his monopoly was at risk. His monopoly was rescinded by the king in July 1607 under pressure from other merchants and proponents of free trade, leading to the abandonment of the settlement. In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the North American coast as far south as [[Cape Cod]], searching for sites for a permanent settlement. Minor skirmishes with the resident [[Nauset]]s dissuaded him from the idea of establishing one near present-day [[Chatham, Massachusetts]]. He named the area Mallebar ("bad bar").<ref>[[#NPS|NPS]]</ref><ref name="map">[[#Vermont Map|Vermont Map]]</ref> ==Founding of Quebec== {{more citations needed|section|date=February 2017}} [[File:Plaque commemorative samuel de champlain honfleur.jpg|thumb|Plaque in [[Honfleur]] commemorating Champlain's departures]] [[File:Samuel de Champlain arrive à Québec - George Agnew Reid - 1909.jpg|thumb|Painting by [[George Agnew Reid]], done for the third centennial (1908), showing the arrival of Samuel de Champlain on the site of [[Quebec City]].<ref group=Note name="ships" />]] In the spring of 1608, Dugua wanted Champlain to start a new French colony and fur trading centre on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Dugua equipped, at his own expense, a fleet of three ships with workers, that left the French port of [[Honfleur]]. The main ship, called [[Don de Dieu|''Don-de-Dieu'']] (French for ''Gift of God''), was commanded by Champlain. Another ship, ''Lévrier'' (''Hunt Dog''), was commanded by his friend Du Pont. The small group of male settlers arrived at [[Tadoussac, Quebec|Tadoussac]] on the lower St. Lawrence in June. Because of the dangerous strength of the [[Saguenay River]] ending there, they left the ships and continued up the "Big River" in small boats bringing the men and the materials.<ref group=Note name="ships">Only at his last arrival (in 1633), Champlain did not leave the ships at Tadoussac but sailed them directly to Quebec City.[[#Trudel|Trudel (1979)]]</ref> Upon arriving in Quebec, Champlain later wrote: "I arrived there on the third of July, when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement; but I could find none more convenient or better suited than the point of Quebec, so called by the savages, which was covered with nut-trees." Champlain ordered his men to gather lumber by cutting down the nut-trees for use in building habitations.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Founding of Quebec {{!}} Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA)|url=http://eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/founding-of-quebec/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=eada.lib.umd.edu|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421050806/http://eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/founding-of-quebec/|url-status=live}}</ref> Some days after Champlain's arrival in Quebec, Jean du Val, a member of Champlain's party, plotted to kill Champlain to the end of securing the settlement for the Basques or Spaniards and making a fortune for himself. Du Val's plot was ultimately foiled when an associate of Du Val confessed his involvement in the plot to Champlain's pilot, who informed Champlain. Champlain had a young man deliver Du Val, along with 3 co-conspirators, two bottles of wine and invite the four worthies to an event on board a boat. Soon after the four conspirators arrived on the boat, Champlain had them arrested. Du Val was strangled and hung in Quebec and his head was displayed in the "most conspicuous place" of Champlain's fort. The other three were sent back to France to be tried.<ref name=":0" /> ==Relations and war with Native Americans== [[File:DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg|thumb|left|Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage. It depicts a battle between [[Iroquois]] and [[Algonquian people|Algonquian]] tribes near Lake Champlain]] During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations tribes]]. He made alliances with the [[Wyandot people|Wendat]] (called ''Huron'' by the French) and with the [[Algonquin people|Algonquin]], the [[Innu people|Montagnais]] and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the [[St. Lawrence River]]. These tribes sought Champlain's help in their war against the [[Haudenosaunee|Iroquois]], who lived farther south. Champlain set off with nine French soldiers and 300 natives to explore the ''Rivière des Iroquois'' (now known as the [[Richelieu River]]), and became the first European to map [[Lake Champlain]]. Having had no encounters with the Haudenosaunee at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives. On 29 July, somewhere in the area near [[Ticonderoga, New York|Ticonderoga]] and [[Crown Point, New York]] (historians are not sure which of these two places, but [[Fort Ticonderoga]] historians claim that it occurred near its site), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Haudenosaunee. In a battle that began the next day, two hundred and fifty Haudenosaunee advanced on Champlain's position, and one of his guides pointed out the three chiefs. In his account of the battle, Champlain recounts firing his [[arquebus]] and killing two of them with a single shot, after which one of his men killed the third. The Haudenosaunee turned and fled. While this cowed the Iroquois for some years, they would later return to successfully fight the French and Algonquin for [[Beaver Wars|the rest of the century]].<ref group=Note>In 1701, [[Great Peace of Montreal|The Great Peace Treaty]] was signed in Montreal, involving the French and every Indigenous nation coming or living on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River except maybe in wintertime.</ref> The [[Battle of Sorel]] occurred on 19 June 1610, with Samuel de Champlain supported by the [[Kingdom of France]] and his allies, the [[Wyandot people|Wendat people]], [[Algonquin people]] and [[Innu people]] against the [[Mohawk people]] in New France at present-day [[Sorel-Tracy]], [[Quebec]]. Champlain's forces armed with the [[arquebus]] engaged and slaughtered or captured nearly all of the Mohawks. The battle ended major hostilities with the Mohawks for 20 years.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 577–578</ref> ==Marriage== One route Champlain may have chosen to improve his access to the court of the regent was his decision to enter into marriage with the twelve-year-old Hélène Boullé. She was the daughter of Nicolas Boullé, a man charged with carrying out royal decisions at court. The marriage contract was signed on 27 December 1610 in presence of Dugua, who had dealt with the father, and the couple was married three days later. Champlain was then 43 years old. The terms of the contract called for the marriage to be consummated two years later.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 287–288</ref> Champlain's marriage was initially quite troubled, as Hélène rallied against joining him in August 1613. Their relationship, while it apparently lacked any physical connection, recovered and was apparently good for many years.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 313–316</ref> Hélène lived in Quebec for several years,<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 374–5</ref> but returned to Paris and eventually decided to enter a convent. The couple had no children, and Champlain adopted three Montagnais girls named Faith, Hope, and Charity in the winter of 1627–28. ==Exploration of New France== [[File:Baie des Chaleurs 1612.PNG|thumb|upright=1.33|''[[Chaleur Bay]]'' and [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]] — extract of Champlain 1612 map]] [[File:Astrolabe de marin, France, 1603.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Marine astrolabe thought to have belonged to Champlain, made in France in 1603, and found in Ontario in 1867.]] On 29 March 1613, arriving back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be [[proclamation|proclaimed]]. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably [[Hudson Bay]]). He travelled the [[Ottawa River]], later giving the first description of this area.<ref group=Note>In 1953, a rock was found at a location now known as the [[Storyland (Ontario)|Champlain lookout]], which bore the inscription "Champlain juin 2, 1613". What about this finding?</ref> Along the way, he apparently dropped or left behind a cache of silver cups, copper kettles, and a brass astrolabe dated 1603 [https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/vmnf/champlain/expl5_en.shtml (Champlain's Astrolabe)], which was later found by a farm boy named Edward Lee near [[Cobden, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brebner |first1=John Bartlett |title=The Explorers of North America, 1492–1806 |date=1966 |publisher=The World Publishing Company |location=Cleveland, Ohio |page=135}}</ref> It was in June that he met with [[Tessouat]], the Algonquin chief of [[L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, Quebec|Allumettes Island]], and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.<ref name="map" /> However, Champlain's ownership of the astrolabe has been questioned by modern scholars. <ref> https://dwhauthor.wordpress.com/2018/02/20/the-mystery-of-champlains-astrolabe/ </ref> By 26 August, Champlain was back in [[Saint-Malo]]. There, he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his ''Voyages''<ref>[[#Champlain1613|Champlain (1613)]]</ref> and published another map of New France. In 1614, he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four [[Recollects]] in order to further religious life in the new colony. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] was eventually given ''[[Seigneurial system of New France|en seigneurie]]'' large and valuable tracts of land, estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the [[King of France|French Crown]] in New France.<ref name="roydalton">[[#Dalton|Dalton (1968)]]</ref> In 1615, Champlain reunited with [[Étienne Brûlé]], his capable interpreter, following separate four-year explorations. There, Brûlé reported North American explorations, including that he had been joined by another French interpreter named Grenolle with whom he had travelled along the north shore of ''la mer douce'' (the calm sea), now known as [[Lake Huron]], to the great rapids of [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]], where [[Lake Superior]] enters Lake Huron, some of which was recorded by Champlain.<ref name=Butterfield>{{cite book |last=Butterfield |first=Consul Willshire |date=1898 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbruls00buttuoft |title=History of Brulé's Discoveries and Explorations, 1610–1626 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofbruls00buttuoft/page/n72 49]–51 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |publisher=Helman-Taylor }}(online: [https://archive.org/details/cihm_00368 archive.org], [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gcfr&fileName=0015//gcfr0015.db&recNum=4 Library of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003164607/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gcfr&fileName=0015//gcfr0015.db&recNum=4 |date=2018-10-03 }})</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Explorers Étienne Brûlé 1615-1621 |url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/etienne-brule-1615-1621/ |website=Virtual Museum of New France |publisher=Canadian Museum of History |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324211021/https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/etienne-brule-1615-1621/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives, promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides, he explored further up the [[Ottawa River]] and reached [[Lake Nipissing]]. He then followed the [[French River (Ontario)|French River]] until he reached [[Lake Huron]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/samuel-de-champlain|title=Samuel de Champlain: timeline|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=September 7, 2019|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608225657/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/samuel-de-champlain|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the area that is now [[Peterborough, Ontario]] by a group of Wendat. He used the ancient portage between [[Chemong Lake]] and [[Little Lake (Peterborough)|Little Lake]] (now Chemong Road) and stayed for a short period of time near what is now Bridgenorth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/09/08/a-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column|title=A small man with a big gun|last=Williams|first=Doug|work=Peterborough Examiner|language=en-CA|date=September 8, 2015|access-date=2018-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212419/http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/09/08/a-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column|archive-date=February 20, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Military expedition== [[File:Champlain statue, Nepean Point, Ottawa.jpg|thumb|Samuel de Champlain, [[Nepean Point]], [[Ottawa]] by [[Hamilton MacCarthy]]]] On 1 September 1615, at Cahiagué (a Wendat community on what is now called [[Lake Simcoe]]), he and the northern tribes started a military expedition against the Iroquois. The party passed [[Lake Ontario]] at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the [[Oneida River]] until they arrived at the main Onondaga fort on October 10. The exact location of this place is still a matter of debate. Although the traditional location, Nichols Pond, is regularly disproved by professional and amateur archaeologists, many still claim that Nichols Pond is the location of the battle, {{convert|10|mi|km}} south of [[Canastota, New York]].<ref name="Weiskotten, 1998">[[#Weiskotten1998|Weiskotten (1998)]]</ref> Champlain attacked the stockaded Oneida village. He was accompanied by 10 Frenchmen and 300 Wendat. Pressured by the Huron Wendat to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The conflict ended on October 16 when the French Wendat were forced to flee.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} Although he did not want to, the Wendat insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay, he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of First Nations people by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On 22 May 1616, he left the Wendat country and returned to Quebec before heading back to France on 2 July.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} ==Improving administration in New France== [[File:Samuel de Champlain Carte geographique de la Nouvelle France.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Map of New France (Champlain, 1612). A more precise map was drawn by Champlain in 1632.]] [[File:Samuel de Champlain by Ronjat.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|19th-century artist's conception of Champlain by E. Ronjat.<ref>[[#Guizot|Guizot]], p. 190</ref>]] Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the territory rather than exploration. Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cape Diamond. By mid-May, he learned that the fur trading monopoly had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the natives and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also negotiated a peace treaty with the Iroquois. Champlain continued to work on the fortifications of what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on 6 May 1624. On 15 August he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue looking for a passage to China, something widely believed to exist at the time. By July 5 he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city. In 1627 the Caen brothers' company lost its monopoly on the fur trade, and [[Cardinal Richelieu]] (who had joined the Royal Council in 1624 and rose rapidly to a position of dominance in French politics that he would hold until his death in 1642) formed the [[Compagnie des Cent-Associés]] (the Hundred Associates) to manage the fur trade. Champlain was one of the 100 investors, and its first fleet, loaded with colonists and supplies, set sail in April 1628.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 404–410</ref> Champlain had overwintered in Quebec. Supplies were low, and English merchants sacked [[Cap Tourmente]] in early July 1628.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 410–412</ref> [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)|A war]] had broken out between France and England, and [[Charles I of England]] had issued [[letters of marque]] that authorized the capture of French shipping and its colonies in North America.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 409</ref> Champlain received a summons to surrender on July 10 from the [[David Kirke|Kirke brothers]], two Scottish brothers who were working for the [[Kingdom of England|English government]]. Champlain refused to deal with them, misleading them to believe that Quebec's defenses were better than they actually were (Champlain had only 50 pounds of gunpowder to defend the community). Successfully bluffed, they withdrew, but encountered and captured the French supply fleet, cutting off that year's supplies to the colony.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 412–415</ref> By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to [[Gaspé Peninsula|Gaspé]] and into Indian communities to conserve rations.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 418–420</ref> On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived before Quebec after intercepting Champlain's plea for help, and Champlain was forced to surrender the colony.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 421</ref> Many colonists were transported first to England and then to France by the Kirkes, but Champlain remained in London to begin the process of regaining the colony. A [[Treaty of Susa|peace treaty had been signed]] in April 1629, three months before the surrender, and, under the terms of that treaty, Quebec and other prizes that were taken by the Kirkes after the treaty were to be returned.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 428</ref> It was not until the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)|1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], however, that Quebec was formally given back to France. (David Kirke was rewarded when Charles I knighted him and gave him a charter for [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].) Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu on 1 March 1633, having served in the intervening years as commander in New France "in the absence of my Lord the [[Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu|Cardinal de Richelieu]]" from 1629 to 1635.<ref name="Trudel">[[#Trudel|Trudel (1979)]]</ref> In 1632 Champlain published ''Voyages de la Nouvelle-France'', which was dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu, and ''Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier'', a treatise on leadership, seamanship, and navigation. (Champlain made more than 25 round-trip crossings of the Atlantic in his lifetime, without losing a single ship.)<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 447</ref> ==Last return, and last years working in Quebec== Champlain returned to Quebec on 22 May 1633, after an absence of four years. Richelieu gave him a commission as [[Lieutenant General of New France]], along with other titles and responsibilities, but not that of [[Governor of New France|governor]]. Despite this lack of formal status, many colonists, French merchants, and Indians treated him as if he had the title; writings survive in which he is referred to as "our governor".<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], pp. 445–446</ref> On 18 August 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, and established two more habitations. One was 15 leagues upstream, and the other was at [[Trois-Rivières]]. He also began [[French and Iroquois Wars|an offensive]] against the Iroquois, reporting that he wanted them either wiped out or "brought to reason".{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} ==Death and burial== Champlain had a severe [[stroke]] in October 1635, and died on 25 December, leaving no immediate heirs. [[Jesuit]] records state he died in the care of his friend and confessor [[Charles Lallemant]].{{citation needed|date = February 2016}} Although his will (drafted on 17 November 1635) gave much of his French property to his wife Hélène Boullé, he made significant bequests to the Catholic missions and to individuals in the colony of Quebec. However, Marie Camaret, a cousin on his mother's side, challenged the will in Paris and had it overturned. It is unclear exactly what happened to his estate.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer (2008)]], p. 520</ref><ref>[[#Heidenreich|Heidenreich]]</ref><ref>[[#Le Blant1964|Le Blant (1964)]], pp 425–437</ref> Samuel de Champlain was temporarily buried in the church while a standalone chapel was built to hold his remains in the upper part of the city. This small building, along with many others, was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, no traces of it exist anymore: his exact burial site is still unknown, despite much research since about 1850, including several archaeological digs in the city. There is general agreement that the previous Champlain chapel site, and the remains of Champlain, should be somewhere near the [[Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral]].<ref>[[#Travels|Champlain: Travels in the Canadian Francophonie]]</ref><ref>[[#La Chapelle|La Chappelle]]</ref> The search for Champlain's remains supplies a key plot-line in the crime writer [[Louise Penny]]'s 2010 novel, ''[[Bury Your Dead (novel)|Bury Your Dead]]''.<ref>[[#Penny|Penny (2010)]]</ref> == Legacy == [[File:Samuel de Champlain (Québec).jpg|thumb|Statue of Samuel de Champlain at sunrise (looking to the north-west; with a similar expressive face as traditionally [[Jacques Cartier]]'s), by {{interlanguage link|Paul-Romain Marie Léonce Chevré|fr|Paul Chevré}} (Paris, 1896–1898), as newly repaired for 2008, at [[Quebec City]] since 1898, near ''[[Château Frontenac]]'' grand hotel, on the ''[[Terrasse Dufferin]]''.]] Many sites and landmarks have been named to honour Champlain, who was a prominent figure in many parts of [[Acadia]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Vermont]]. Memorialized as the "Father of New France" and "Father of [[Acadia]]", his historic significance endures in modern times. [[Lake Champlain]], which straddles the border between northern [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Vermont]], extending slightly across the border into Canada, was named by him, in 1609, when he led an expedition along the [[Richelieu River]], exploring a long, narrow lake situated between the [[Green Mountains]] of present-day [[Vermont]] and the [[Adirondack Mountains]] of present-day [[New York (state)|New York]]. The first European to map and describe it, Champlain claimed the lake as his namesake. Memorials include: <!--geographic formations--> * [[Lake Champlain]], [[Champlain Valley]], the [[Champlain Trail Lakes]]. * [[Champlain Sea]]: a past inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in North America, over the [[Saint Lawrence River|St. Lawrence]], the [[Saguenay River|Saguenay]], and the [[Richelieu River|Richelieu]] rivers, to over [[Lake Champlain]], which inlet disappeared many thousands years before Champlain was born. * Champlain Mountain, [[Acadia National Park]] – which he first observed in 1604.<ref>[[#Acadia|Acadia National Park]]</ref> * A [[Champlain (town), New York|town]] and [[Champlain (village), New York|village]] in New York, as well as a [[Champlain, Ontario|township in Ontario]] and a [[Champlain, Quebec|municipality in Quebec]]. * The provincial electoral district of [[Champlain (provincial electoral district)|Champlain]], [[Quebec]], and several defunct electoral districts elsewhere in Canada. * [[Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park]], a [[provincial park]] in northern Ontario near the town of [[Mattawa, Ontario|Mattawa]]. <!--functional structures--> * [[Champlain Bridge (Montreal)|Champlain Bridge]], which connects the [[island of Montreal]] to [[Brossard]], Quebec across the St. Lawrence. * [[Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)|Champlain Bridge]], which connects the cities of [[Ottawa]], Ontario and [[Gatineau]], Quebec. * Champlain College, one of six colleges at [[Trent University]] in [[Peterborough, Ontario]], is named in his honour. * Fort Champlain, a [[dormitory]] at the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]]; named in his honour in 1965, it houses the 10th cadet squadron. * A French school in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]]; École Champlain, an elementary school in [[Moncton, New Brunswick]] and one in [[Brossard]]; [[Champlain College]], in [[Burlington, Vermont]]; and [[Champlain Regional College]], a [[CEGEP]] with three campuses in Quebec. * [[Château Champlain|Marriott Château Champlain]] hotel, in Montreal. <!--streets and other commemorative items--> * Streets named Champlain in numerous cities, including Quebec, [[Shawinigan]], the city of [[Dieppe, New Brunswick|Dieppe]] in the province of New Brunswick, in [[Plattsburgh]], and no less than eleven communities in northwestern Vermont. * A garden called Jardin Samuel-de-Champlain in Paris, France. * A memorial statue on Cumberland Avenue in [[Plattsburgh (city), New York|Plattsburgh, New York]] on the shores of [[Lake Champlain]] in a park named for Champlain. * A memorial statue in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], Canada in Queen Square that commemorates his discovery of the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John River]].<ref>[http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/Heritage/HistoricalTour/AdditionalInformation.htm Saint John Additional Information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110701/http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/Heritage/HistoricalTour/AdditionalInformation.htm |date=September 27, 2011 }}</ref> * A memorial statue in [[Isle La Motte, Vermont]], on the shore of [[Lake Champlain]]. * The [[lighthouse]] at [[Crown Point, New York]] features a statue of Champlain by [[Carl Augustus Heber]]. * A [[commemorative stamp]] issue in May 2006 jointly by the [[United States Postal Service]] and [[Canada Post]].<ref>[[#Gicker2006|Gicker (2006)]]</ref> * A statue in [[Ticonderoga, New York]], unveiled in 2009 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Champlain's exploration of Lake Champlain. * A statue in [[Orillia]], Ontario at Couchiching Beach Park on [[Lake Couchiching]]. This statue was removed by Parks Canada, and is not likely to be returned, as it incorporated offensive depictions of First Nations peoples.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://barrie.ctvnews.ca/orillia-s-champlain-monument-restoration-on-hold-1.4018930|title = Orillia's Champlain monument restoration on hold|date = 18 July 2018|access-date = 12 June 2019|archive-date = 12 November 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191112191503/https://barrie.ctvnews.ca/orillia-s-champlain-monument-restoration-on-hold-1.4018930|url-status = live}}</ref> * [[HMCS Champlain (1919)|HMCS ''Champlain'' (1919)]], a S class destroyer that served in the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] from 1928 to 1936. * [[HMCS Champlain|HMCS ''Champlain'']], a [[Canadian Forces Naval Reserve]] division based in [[Chicoutimi, Quebec]] since activation in 1985. * [[Champlain Place]], a shopping centre located in [[Dieppe, New Brunswick]], Canada. * The [[Champlain Society]], a Canadian historical and [[text publication society]], chartered in 1927. * A memorial statue in [[Ottawa]] at [[Kìwekì Point]], by [[Hamilton MacCarthy]]. The statue depicts Champlain holding an astrolabe (upside-down, as it happens). It did previously include an "Indian Scout" kneeling at its base. In the 1990s, after lobbying by Indigenous people, it was removed from the statue's base, renamed and placed as the "[[Anishinaabe Scout]]" in [[Major's Hill Park]]. ==Bibliography== These are works that were written by Champlain: * ''Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite'' (first French publication 1870, first English publication 1859 as [https://archive.org/details/narrativeavoyag00shawgoog ''Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602'']) * ''Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603'' (first French publication 1604, first English publication 1625) * ''Voyages de la Nouvelle-France'' (first French publication 1632) * ''Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier'' (first French publication 1632) ==Notes and references== '''Notes''' {{reflist|group=Note}} {{reflist|group=Nte}} '''Citations''' {{Reflist|20em}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |title=Acadia National Park |url=http://www.ohranger.com/acadia/history |website=Oh Ranger |access-date=July 21, 2015 |ref=Acadia |archive-date=July 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701040857/http://www.ohranger.com/acadia/history |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |first=Morris |last=Bishop |author-link=Morris Bishop |title=Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |date=1948 |ref=Bishop1948}} * {{cite book |last=Champlain |first=Samuel |title=Les voyages du Sieur de Champlain, Saintongeois, capitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Marine |language=fr|date=1613 |publisher=J. Berjon |ref=Champlain1613}} * {{cite book |last=Dalton |first=Roy C. |title=The Jesuit Estates Question, 1760–88 |page=60 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |date=1968 |ref=Dalton}} * {{cite book |last1= d'Avignon (Davignon) |first1= Mathieu |title= Champlain et les fondateurs oubliés, les figures du père et le mythe de la fondation |language=fr |year=2008 |publisher= Les Presses de l'Université Laval (PUL) |location=Quebec City |isbn= 978-2-7637-8644-5 |page= 558 |ref=Davignon}} Note: Mathieu d'Avignon (Ph.D. in history, [[Laval University]], 2006) is an affiliate researcher into the ''[[Université du Québec à Chicoutimi|University of Quebec at Chicoutimi]]'' Research Group on History. He is preparing a special new full edition, in modern French, of Champlain's Voyages in New France. * {{cite journal |last=Germe |first=Jean-Marie |title=Journal le Soleil |date=April 15, 2012 |page=2 |ref=Germe}}{{dead link|date=July 2015}} * {{cite web |title=Champlain (de), Samuel |url=http://www.fichierorigine.com/detail.php?numero=240788 |website=[[:fr:Fichier Origine|Fichier Origine]] |language=fr |ref=Fichier Origine |access-date=2015-07-21 |archive-date=2014-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192011/http://www.fichierorigine.com/detail.php?numero=240788 |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=La chapelle et le tombeau de Champlain : état de la question |url=http://webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html |language=fr |access-date=July 21, 2015 |ref=La Chapelle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040148/http://webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Igxh-pKXkkC |title=Champlain's Dream |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4165-9332-4 |ref=Fischer |access-date=2015-07-21 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203326/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Igxh-pKXkkC |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |editor-last=Gicker |editor-first=William J. |year=2006 |title=Samuel de Champlain 39¢ (USA); Samuel de Champlain 51¢ (Canada) |journal=USA Philatelic |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=7 |ref=Gicker2006 |quote=This souvenir sheet celebrates the 400th anniversary of the explorations of Samuel de Champlain in 1606.}} * {{cite book |first=François Pierre Guillaume |last=Guizot |others=Black, Robert (trans) |title=A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times |volume=6 |chapter=Chapter 53 |location=Boston |publisher=Dana Estes & Charles E. Lauriat (Imp.) |date=<!-- 19th C. --> |ref=Guizot}} * {{cite conference |last=Heidenreich |first=Conrad E. |title=Who was Champlain? His Family and Early Life |url=http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php |location=Métis sur mer |date=August 8, 2008 |ref=Heidenreich |quote=This lecture is based on parts of a book by Conrad E. Heidenreich and K. Janet Ritch soon to by published by The Champlain Society, provisionally entitled: ''The Works of Samuel de Champlain: Des Sauvages and other Documents Related to the Period before 1604.'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512220553/http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php |archive-date=May 12, 2013 }} * {{cite journal |last=Le Blant |first=Robert |title=Le triste veuvage d'Hélène Boullé |trans-title=The sad widow of Hélène Boullé |language=fr |url=http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1964/v18/n3/302392ar.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1964/v18/n3/302392ar.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |volume=18 |issue=3 |date=1964 |page=425 |doi=10.7202/302392ar |ref=Le Blant1964 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=Liebel |first=Jean |title=On a vieilli Champlain |trans-title=They made Champlain older |language=fr |url=http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/303691ar |date=September 1978 |journal=La Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=229–237 |doi=10.7202/303691ar |ref=Liebel1978 |doi-access=free |access-date=2009-06-01 |archive-date=2012-06-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629125429/http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/303691ar |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Litalien |editor-first1=Raymonde |editor-last2=Vaugeois |editor-first2=Denis |others=Roth, Käthe (trans) |date=2004 |title=Champlain: the Birth of French America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnE0tjj9MbgC |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=0-7735-2850-4 |ref=Litalien |access-date=2015-07-21 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203345/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnE0tjj9MbgC |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |title=Malle Barre (Modern Nauset Harbor, Eastham, MA) |website=Archeology Program |publisher=National Park Service |url=http://www.nps.gov/archeology/visit/Champlain/Malle.htm |access-date=July 21, 2015 |ref=NPS |archive-date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040148/http://www.nps.gov/archeology/visit/Champlain/Malle.htm |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Penny |first=Louise |title=Bury Your Dead |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312377045 |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Minotaur |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-3123-7704-5 |ref=Penny }} * {{cite book |last=Rainguet |first=Pierre-Damien |title=Biographie Saintongeaise ou Dictionnaire Historique de Tous les Personnages qui se sont Illustrés dans les Anciennes Provinces de Saintonge et d'Aunis jusqu'à Nos Jours |year=1851 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enBHAQAAMAAJ |oclc=466560584 |location=Saintes, France |publisher=M. Niox |language=fr |ref=Rainguet1851 |access-date=2015-07-21 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203347/https://books.google.com/books?id=enBHAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Ritch |first=Janet |title=Discovery of the Baptismal Certificate of Samuel de Champlain |url=http://www.champlainsociety.ca/discovery-of-the-baptismal-certificate-of-samuel-de-champlain/ |website=The Champlain Society |access-date=2013-10-03 |ref=Ritch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205011433/http://www.champlainsociety.ca/discovery-of-the-baptismal-certificate-of-samuel-de-champlain/ |archive-date=2013-12-05 }} * {{cite web |title=Samuel de Champlain's Voyages |website=Travel Vermont |url=http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/ |access-date=July 21, 2015 |ref=Vermont Map |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111014335/http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/ |archive-date=November 11, 2010 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |title=Time Periods – Life and Death of Champlain |website=Champlain : Travels in the Canadian Francophonie |url=http://champlain.rpfo.ca./epoque/ang_vie_mort.php |access-date=July 21, 2015 |ref=Travels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035118/http://champlain.rpfo.ca/epoque/ang_vie_mort.php |archive-date=2015-07-22 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite DCB |last=Trudel |first=Marcel |title=Samuel de Champlain |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/champlain_samuel_de_1E.html |volume=1 |access-date=2009-05-28 |ref=Trudel}} * {{cite conference |last=Vaugeois |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Vaugeois |title=Champlain et Dupont Gravé en contexte |conference=133e congrès du comtié des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS) |location=Québec City |language=fr |date=June 2, 2008 |url=http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php |ref=Vaugeois2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513044445/http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php |archive-date=May 13, 2013 }} * {{cite web |last=Weber |first=E. L. (Sculptor) |title=Samuel de Champlain, (sculpture) |website=Art Inventories Catalog |publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=124T66R91061R.38160&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100008~!182958~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Vermont+--+Isle+LaMotte&index=OBJEC |access-date=2015-07-21 |ref=Weber1967 |archive-date=2015-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040149/http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=124T66R91061R.38160&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100008~!182958~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Vermont+--+Isle+LaMotte&index=OBJEC |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Weiskotten |first=Daniel H. |title=The Real Battle of Nichols Pond |date=July 1, 1998 |url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyccazen/Shorts/Questions/NicholsPond.html |website=Roots Web, Ancestry.com |access-date=2013-07-12 |ref=Weiskotten1998 |archive-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527113751/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyccazen/Shorts/Questions/NicholsPond.html |url-status=live }} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |by=yes |lcheading= Champlain, Samuel de, 1567–1635 |label=Samuel de Champlain }} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last =Champlain |first =Samuel de |year =2005 |title =Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604–1918: with a map and two plans |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&q=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&pg=PP1 |publisher =Elibron Classics |isbn =1-4021-2853-3 |access-date =2020-11-20 |archive-date =2023-04-19 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203327/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&q=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&pg=PP1 |url-status =live }} * Dix, Edwin Asa. (1903). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0tXy3rBHDEQC&dq='Champlain%2C%20the%20Founder%20of%20New%20France&pg=PP1 Champlain, the Founder of New France] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003218/https://books.google.com/books?id=0tXy3rBHDEQC&dq=%27Champlain%2C%20the%20Founder%20of%20New%20France&pg=PP1 |date=2023-04-05 }}'', IndyPublish {{ISBN|1-4179-2270-2}} * {{cite book|last=Laverdière|first=Abbé Charles-Honoré Cauchon|title=Œuvres de Champlain|language=fr|year=1870|location=Quebec City|url=https://archive.org/details/uvresdechamplai00lavegoog|quote=Œuvres de Champlain.|publisher=Desbarats}} * {{Cite book |last =Morganelli |first =Adrianna |year =2006 |title =Samuel de Champlain: from New France to Cape Cod |url =https://archive.org/details/samueldechamplai0000morg |url-access =registration |quote =Samuel de Champlain. |publisher =Crabtree Pub |isbn =978-0-7787-2414-8 }} * Morison, Samuel Eliot, (1972). ''Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France'' Little Brown, {{ISBN|0-316-58399-5}} * {{Cite book |last =Sherman |first =Josepha |year =2003 |title =Samuel de Champlain, Explorer of the Great Lakes Region and Founder of Quebec |url =https://archive.org/details/samueldechamplai00sher |url-access =registration |quote =Samuel de Champlain. |publisher =Group's Rosen Central |isbn =0-8239-3629-5 }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Portal|Biography|France|North America|History}} {{Commons category-inline}} <!-- {{Commons}}Quite different from "Commons category" --> {{EB1911 poster|Champlain, Samuel de|Samuel de Champlain}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=2130}} * {{FadedPage|id=de Champlain, Samuel|name=Samuel de Champlain|author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Samuel de Champlain}} *From Marcel Trudel: [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/samuel-de-champlain Champlain, Samuel de] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921050201/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/samuel-de-champlain/ |date=2017-09-21 }} (at [[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070228172837/http://www.histori.ca/champlain/index.do Champlain in Acadia] *[http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/samuel-de-champlain Biography at the ''Museum of Civilization''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200603135809/https://www.samueldechamplain.com/ Samuel de Champlain Biography by Appleton and Klos] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131031204154/http://mychatham.com/chathamhistory.html Description of Champlain's voyage to Chatham, Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606.] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/books/review/Boot-t.html They Didn't Name That Lake for Nothing, Sunday Book Review, The New York Times, October 31, 2008] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170912014938/http://champlaininamerica.org/ Dead Reckoning – Champlain in America, PBS documentary 2009] *[[World Digital Library]] presentation of [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.280 ''Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son vray méridien''or ''Description of the Coasts, Points, Harbours and Islands of New France''.] [[Library of Congress]]. Primary source portolan style chart on vellum with summary description, image with enhanced view and zoom features, text to speech capability. French. Links to related content. Content available as TIF. One of the major cartographic resources, this map offers the first thorough delineation of the New England and Canadian coasts from Cape Sable to Cape Cod. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100552/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2830/ A book from 1603 of Champlain's first voyage to New France] from the [[World Digital Library]] *{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901060544/http://www.webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html Champlain's tomb: State of the Art Inquiry] *{{in lang|fr}} From Samuel de Champlain: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314203347/http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/chpvyg/index.html ''Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France...'' (1632)] (at [[Rare Book Room]]) *{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/biography.aspx?name=Champlain_Samuel&id=1008143&lng=en Baptismal parish register, August 13, 1574, protestant temple Saint.Yon, La Rochelle] *(in French) [[iarchive:dessauuagesouvoy00cham/page/n5|Digitized copy of Champlain's ''Des Sauvages'']] from the [[John Carter Brown Library]] {{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=[[Cardinal Richelieu]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Lieutenant General of New France]]|years= 1632–1635}} {{s-aft|after=[[Charles de Montmagny]] as [[Governor of New France]]}} {{s-end}} {{Explorers of New France}} {{Thanksgiving}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Champlain, Samuel De}} [[Category:Samuel de Champlain| ]] [[Category:French explorers of North America]] [[Category:French geographers]] [[Category:Governors of New France]] [[Category:French people in New France]] [[Category:17th-century explorers]] <!--Quebec--> [[Category:1560s births]] [[Category:16th-century births]] [[Category:Year of birth uncertain]] [[Category:1635 deaths]] [[Category:People from Charente-Maritime]] [[Category:17th century in Quebec]] [[Category:Explorers of Canada]] [[Category:Explorers of the United States]] [[Category:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)]] [[Category:Quebec City]] [[Category:17th-century Canadian politicians]] [[Category:French city founders]]'